Memory 

1. The persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information. 

The Memory Process 

1. Encoding 
2. Storage 
3. Retrieval 

Encoding 

1. The processing of information into the memory system. 
2. Ex: asking a girl's number from a party

Storage 

1. The retention of encoded material over time.

Retrieval 

1. The process of getting the information out of memory storage 
2. Ex: seeing a girl at the party but forgetting her name and calling her by the wrong name. 

Recall VS. Recognition

1. With Recall - you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
2. With Recognition - you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).

Flashbulb Memory 

1. A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event. 
2. Where were you when?
3. You heard about 9/11? You heard the death of a family member? 

Types of Memory 

1. Sensory Memory 
2. Short - Term Memory 
3. Working Memory 

Sensory Memory 

1. The immediate, initial recording if sensory information in the memory system. 
2. Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed. 
3. Ex: you lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was just before the key word since it's in your sensory register. 

Short - Term Memory 

1. Memory that holds a few items briefly. 
2. Seven digits (plus of minus two) 
3. The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. 

Working Memory (Modern Day STM)

• Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory. 
• Working - Memory has three parts:
• 1. Audio 2. Visual 3. Integration of audio & visual (controls where attention lies) 

Long- Term Memory 

1. The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. 

Automatic Processing 

1. Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
2. You encode space, time, and word meaning without effort. 
3. Things can become automatic with practice 

Effortful Processing 

1. Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. 
2. Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. 
3. Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic. 

State of Conciousness: Sleep, Hypnosis, Drugs 

Sleep 

1. Sleep is a state if consciousness. 
2. We are less aware of our surroundings.

Conscious 

1. Subconscious/ Pre-conscious  
2. Unconscious 

Why do we dream? 

1. They can help us prepare for future events. 
2. They can nourish our social development. 
3. Can substitute for impulsive behavior. 

Fantasy Prone Personalities 

1. Someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizes. 

Biological Rhythms 

1. Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (beard hibernation, seasonal affective disorder) 
2. 28 day cycles: menstrual cycle 
3. 24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm 
4. 90 minute cycle: sleep cycle 

Circadian Rhythm 

1. Our 24 hour biological clock. 
2. Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. 

Sleep Stages 

1. There are 5 identified stages of sleep. 
2. It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages.
3. The brain'a waves will change according to the sleep stage you're in. 
4. The first four stages are know as NREM sleep... 
5. The fifth stage is called REM sleep. 

            -Stage 1: 

1. Kind of awake and kind of asleep. 
2. Only lasts a few minutes and you usually only experience it once a night. 
3. Eyes begin to roll slightly.
4. Your brain produces Theta Waves (high amplitude, low frequency, slow)

             -Stage 2:

1. This follows Stage 1 sleep and is is the "baseline" of sleep. 
2. This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep. 
3. More Theta Waves that get progressively slower.